Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 70

Art - Essay Example Also prominent in the film is the incorporation of technology in the work of art. As opposed to other people’s negative views on the use of technology such as optic devices in displaying or creating pieces of art, it is better to perceive it as an aspect of creativity rather than a cheating ordeal. Based on these contentious issues, the reflective essay aims to depict a personal position on Tim’s work in the context to his 17th century predecessor in the field of artwork, Johannes Vermeer. Judging from Jim’s work and stamina, passion, and creativity is what makes up an artist. The three individual dispositions prove to be instrumental in defining an artist. Tim employed everything he could in a bid to show that the work of his counterpart was made using optical devices. His passion and determination led to his discovery of his path in art. Profound and entertaining in equal proportion, Tim’s poses intriguing questions that inspires the reader and engage other artists. Therefore, he qualifies again as an artist due to his significant contribution to creating a wave of the influence of other artists into believing in his unique creations. The contemporary contradictory opinions perceive art, created with the help of technology as being weak in terms of originality and attraction. Many people tend to regard the act of incorporating technology in undertaking a piece of artwork as taking some short cut. An artist who embraces technology is also considered as less creative. Contrary to the popular opinion, it is imperative to consider the use of technology as a unique kind of art. Instead, people should not be quick to criticize but should open their minds to fresh techniques in the field of art. The question as to whether Johannes Vermeer used the optical devices or not should not be the focal point of discrediting or appreciating his work but should be an inspiring adventure to learn more techniques. Tim’s

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Essay William Shakespeare, one of the most famous playwrights of all time, was born in Stratford upon Avon in 1564 and died in 1616. He was one of eight children of John Shakespeare, a local town official and glove maker, and Mary Arden. In 1982 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway at only eighteen. They had three children together, Susanna, and twin Judith and Hannet. Sadly Hannet tragically died at eleven. Shakespeare was known for performing at the Globe theatre with the Chamberlains Men. He wrote 37 plays in his lifetime and one of his most famous plays was Romeo and Juliet. I am going to compare lines 1-100 of Act One, Scene One from the text of the two film versions; Franco Zeffirellis version and Baz Luhrmanns version. The text opens with the prologue, which gives a brief outline of the story, it is 14 lines long, and is therefore typical of what is known as a sonnet. It is about two families from Verona, both of similar status; both hate the other due to an ancient feud, the lovers, Romeo and Juliet both from each of the families take their own lives for their love. Their death makes their parents see sense. Shakespeare has deliberately revealed the ending in the prologue so that the audience may judge the characters and the events up to the final tragedy. Act One Scene One begins in a public place. It starts like a comedy with word-play and puns from Gregory and Sampson, both servants of the Capulet house. They boast about what they would do to the Montagues. One pun used is Well not carry coals. This means well not stand for any insults. No, for then we should be colliers. This means if we do stand for any insults then we shall be coal sellers or coal miners which were probably regarded as dirty and poor people in their day. Sampson uses rude language, to boast about what they would do to any Montagues Therefore I will push Montagues men from the wall, thrust his maids to the wall. Sampson thinks that love is just a matter of brutal conquest of another body. This part of the scene is very boastful and light hearted, until Abraham and a servant, both from the Montague house enter and the scene turns instantly threatening and tension increases. Sampson and Gregory turn from being boastful to serious, in a way this is ironic because when the they were joking, they were not afraid of saying about what they would do to the Montagues, but now when they come across the Montagues they become unsure as to whether to torment them or not, because Gregory says How, turn thy back and run? Hes unsure whether to provoke the Montagues. But Sampson is not as afraid as Gregory, so he decides to provoke them by biting his thumb at Abraham and the servant. Biting thumbs was regarded as an insult in that day. Both houses start bantering at each other, both speaking politely with a threatening undertone. Gregory says Do you Quarrel sir? Which is do you fight. The Capulets crave for a fight by aggravating the Montagues, but the Montagues are not up for a fight. At this point Benvolio enters and Gregory says Here comes one of my master kinsmen. But he is not referring to Benvolio because he is a Montague. He is referring to Tybalt who is approaching. So the Capulets start the fight themselves when Sampson says Draw if you be men, Gregory remember thy washing blow. The word washing blow means in this context, a slashing blow, which is a sword move. They then fight but there is no description of what happens. Benvolio who is against fighting stops the fight, but then Tybalt who is a Capulet enters and he offers Benvolio to fight . Turn thee Benvolio, look upon thy death. Tybalt is an aggressive character and when he enters he is spoiling for a fight and he does not believe in peace, this is evident when Benvolio says I do but keep the peace. Benvolio tries to restore the peace because he is a peacemaker. Tybalt does not believe that Benvolio is trying to stop the fight so he threatens Benvolio What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word . have at thee coward. Then Tybalt attacks Benvolio and a huge brawl follows, but this time the citizens and the officer attempt to break up the fight. The mood is now chaotic. Old Capulet and Lady Capulet enter. Old Capulet wants to be involved in the fight Give me my long sword, ho. Lady Capulet replies A crutch, a crutch! Meaning a crutch might be better because he is too old to fight. Then enters Old Montague and Lady Montague, he also wants to fight but Lady Montague attempts to stop him by restraining him. The two heads of the families seem foolish and try to stand up for their family by trying to be involved in the fight. Then Prince Escalus enters with his train, these are his guards in our context. He is in charge of Verona and he breaks up the fight between the two families. He is furious with them both. He gives a long speech to the two families. He compares their behaviour to beasts You men, you beasts, that quench the fire of your pernicious rage He also says that there have been three civil brawls between the two families in Veronas streets. He has had enough of it and the pointless fighting has disrupted the social life of the city. Their punishment if this happens again would be paid with their lives. Many of the characters from the two families seem to act first and think later. For instance some characters jump into a fight without thinking of the consequences. The fight breaks out quickly between the two families which proves the point that some of the characters act first, think later. These first 100 lines prepare the audience for the haste and speed which plays a big part in the coming tragedy of the deaths of Romeo and Juliet and it prepares for the fights that take place later on in the play. The Franco Zeffirelli film version of the play is set in the 15th century in the town of Verona in Italy which is the ideal setting to the play. The first scene which I am going to study is set on a bright sunny morning in the town market. The costumes worn are authentic to the 15th century, these include tight leggings known as Hose and close fitted jackets known as doublets worn by the men. The two families also wear the livery of their household. The Montagues livery is blue and grey and the Capulets livery are red and orange. The film introduces with a prologue, just like the text. As the Prologue is being spoken, the film shows a number of views of Verona. While this is being shown, music authentic to the time is played along with it. The prologue is correct to the text but the last two lines are cut out. After the prologue, the film goes straight to Veronas market, the public place. This market setting is authentic with its old sandstone buildings and its bustling market. Sampson, Gregory and another Capulet who is not included in the text, are walking through the market joking and being a nuisance to some of the citizens by kicking them for a joke. This portrays the Capulets as trouble makers. The mood is boastful and light hearted, which is faithful to the text. The film does not include the conversation about Colliers and Montague maids spoken between the Capulets. But it starts on line 25 when Gregory says The quarrel is between our masters and us their men. Sampson replies to this Tis all one. This is correct to the text, but it misses all the lines afterwards where Gregory says Here comes the house of the Montague. The Montagues consist of three people here, Abraham and two other Montagues not named. They are shown buying items from a market stall, you see them thanking the stall keeper and being polite to the citizens, Zeffirelli portrays the Montagues as nice people even though there is no evidence of this in the text. The banters between the two families are started just like the text. Sampson bites his thumb at the Montagues. This is also known as an insult in the film. The banters between them are correct to the text. After Abraham says You Lie. The Montagues walk away from the Capulets because they dont want to start any trouble. This is evidence to suggest that the Montagues are nice people. Sampson retaliates to this because he craves for a fight. He deliberately trips up the older member of the three Montagues. This is not included in the text. Sampsons retaliation makes Abraham angry and he declares the fight by saying Draw if you be men. This is actually said by Sampson in the text. Then Sampson completes the sentence from the text Gregory, remember thy washing blow. The brawl starts with both sides charging at each other. The scene is now in the streets of Verona near the market. The citizens help the Montagues break up the brawl by grabbing hold of the Capulets. Then Benvolio enters, he stops the fight and says his lines from the text, but in addition to this he says The prince expressly forbids fighting on Veronas streets. This is not in the text. Then Tybalt with a lot more of Capulets men enter, he laughs in a threatening way and the mood suddenly gets threatening, he and Benvolio say their lines, which are correct to the text. Benvolio is cowardly towards Tybalts will to fight, and the brawl begins again. The mood is chaotic and hot because it is set on a bright and hot street. During the fight, Tybalt injures Benvolio and he says hi thee home? Fragment. This means youre a coward and you should go home, Tybalt says it in a boastful way. The film shows the fight with lots of chaos, colours, close ups, lots of action, aerial shots of fighting, village people trying to stop the fight, things flying through the air, explicit bits like people being killed, there is no evidence of this in the play, it is hard to see who people are, such as who is Montague and who is Capulet. At one point during the fight, Zeffirelli shows us the two households. He shows Old Capulet gathering his men and charging out into the chaotic fight. There is no conversation between Old Capulet and Lady Capulet, despite this being in the original text. Zeffirelli also shows us Old Montague gathering his men to go and join the fight, and Lady Montague attempting to stop him. At this part the conversation between Old Montague and Lady Montague is correct to the text, but it misses parts out.

Lack of Morals and Ethics in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Lack of Morals and Ethics in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of a person's personality is derived from his or her parents or the people with whom they live.   One's behaviors are a reflection of his or her up bringing.   All actions of others in one's environment have an impact in one's behaviors.   That is especially true of parent's influence on a child.   Nearly all morals and ethics are learned from parents. Sociologists have indicated that as time progresses American ethics have decayed immensely.   Parents in America have become more lax with their children, and the strictly enforced code of ethics seems to have diminished.   Arthur Miller's play, Death of a Salesman, portrays the consequences of the laxity of parents with regards to ethics through the relationship of Willy Loman and his two sons, Biff and Happy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rather than having played a positive role model for his sons Willy Loman, established a poor standard of morality.   For example, when Biff was in high school he was the star of the football team.   One afternoon he stole a football from the locker room.   When Willy became cognizant of Biff's actions, Wily did not punish Biff.   Instead, he told Biff that the coach was likely to congratulate Biff for his show of initiative (29, 30). Similarly, at another point in the play Biff and Happy stole lumber from a nearby construction site.   Instead of teaching the boys a lesson in ethics Willy was proud of his sons.   In fact, he bragged about the amount of construction materials the two stole (50, 51).   Willy allowed the boys to steal, which could be considered an immoral act, worse yet, Willy's praise for their actions prohibited Biff and Happy from knowing stealing was an immoral act.   Studies have shown that at a very young age children were extremely impressionable.   Teaching the difference between right and wrong would give hope for a moral future.   In the play there was little hope for Biff and Happy because Willy continued to show poor standards of morality in a positive light.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to stealing, being dishonest also surfaces as an unethical behavior that was practiced and thus promoted by Willy Loman. Willy was a salesman who had a rocky past few months.

The Theme of Marriage in Middlemarch Essay -- Eliot Middlemarch Essays

The Theme of Marriage in Middlemarch  Ã‚      One of the central themes that runs through Middlemarch is that of marriage. Indeed, it has been argued that Middlemarch can be construed as a treatise in favor of divorce. I do not think that this is the case, although there are a number of obviously unsuitable marriages. If it had been Elliot's intention to write about such a controversial subject, I believe she would not have resorted to veiling it in a novel. She illustrates the different stages of relationships that her characters undergo, from courtship through to marriage: A fellow mortal with whose nature you are acquainted with solely through the brief entrances and exits of a few imaginative weeks called courtship, may, when seen in the continuity of married companionship, be disclosed as something better or worse than what you have preconceived, but will certainly not appear altogether the same(193) She not only includes the new couples (Fred and Mary, Celia and Chettam), but also the older ones (the Garths and the Cadwalladers and the Bulstrodes), as well as widowhood (Dorothea). The marriage that would at seem most in need of a divorce, that between Dorothea and Casaubon, would be, ironically, the one that would last the longest if divorce had been available. Dorothea would not, indeed could not divorce Casaubon because of her honesty and the strength of her idealism. Despite the fact that Casaubon is clearly unsuitable, she still goes ahead with the marriage. It can be said that Dorothea represents the antithesis of Casaubon, where he his cold and severe, she is warm and friendly. Indeed, they are portrayed in clearly different ways: Dorothea represents light and life, while Casaubon is darkness and death. ... ...similar circumstances (An example of this is the comparison between the reactions of Rosamond and of Mrs Bulstrode when they learn of their husbands' disgrace). This desire to analyse and compare probably came from her studies of both natural sciences and psychology. I don't believe that Elliot's position is either for or against marriage - she is, in my view, equally for or against certain characters. The marriages that are portrayed in Middlemarch are of such different and varied composition that no general rule can be drawn from them. Works Cited and Consulted Carroll, David (editor). George Eliot Middlemarch. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Drabble, Margaret. Introduction. Middlemarch. By George Elliot. New York: Bantam, 1985. vii-xvii. Pangallo, Karen L. The Critical Response To George Eliot. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.

Iris Van Herpen Exhibition Utrecht

The New Craftsmanship Iris van Herpen? and her Inspiration â€Å"With my work I intend to show that fashion can certainly have an added value to the world† In the Centraal Museum of Utrecht, Netherlands, renowned fashion designer/artist Iris van Herpen (1984) exhibits a highly personal side of her work for the public from 29 June until 9 October 2011. By contrasting her designs with what worked as the inspiration behind them, van Herpen’s futuristic approach to fashion is displayed with art dating back to the sixteenth to the nineteenth century creating an unusual opposition in the general mood of the show.In addition to a contrast between old and new, one will also find work by other contemporary artists that have inspired van Herpen or collaborated with her. These include artists such as American-born sculptor Kris Kuksi; Dutch choreographer Nanine Linning; hat designers Stephen Jones and Irene Bussemaker; Dutch artist Bart Hess who shares van Herpen’s futurist ic approach in his work; and architect Daniel Widrig whose main influence in the show was with 3D printing. Upon entering the exhibition one enters a calm space with soft music playing in the background.Looking up towards the high raised ceiling you can see Nanine Linning’s opera inspired performance piece with van Herpen’s extravagant costumes and haute couture creations in larger than life projections on the bare white walls. Below these displays one would find the original costumes as seen in the performance. Referring back to the contrast between old and new, or rather ancient and innovative, it was interesting to note which of van Herpen’s designs were paired up with what ancient artefact and why.Leaving the theatricality of Linning behind, the show carries you away from the modernity of projectors through to a series of antique items including a bookshelf, chairs and tables as well as paintings by the popular Parisian painter Pierre Joseph Sauvage and an e xpensive silk wall panel from Lyon in France. These were shown next to one of van Herpen’s more ‘wearable’ garments, a dress, which could be assumed to be made of fabric containing metal threads, having been concentinaed to create a voluminous shape reminiscent of coral reefs. Similar to the layout of the exhibition, VanHerpen’s approach to fashion stems from the interaction between handmade, an old-fashioned method of construction, and innovation, through constant pursuit of new techniques and materials. One of van Herpen’s most recently discovered techniques is a form of rapid prototyping called 3D printing. This technology came into use in 2003 mainly for duplicating valuable artefacts for museums. Cleverly, through collaboration with architect Daniel Widrig, van Herpen uses this technology to create what looks like sculpted dresses or headgear, once again reminiscent of the shape of coral reefs or some sorts of skeletal forms.This side of van He rpen’s collection was shown alongside work of goldsmiths form the seventeenth-century. This juxtapose truly emphasized the origins of the inspiration for her designs. There was an apparent connection between the auricular styled crockery, plates, crowns etc. and her laser sintering technique. With further regard to the 3D printing technique, the designer herself believes, â€Å"it is a matter a time before we can print the clothing we wear today†.It is truly inspiring to see an artist of such a young age produce something that has the prospects of having a massive impact on the industry itself and, well, everything really. If we can produce our clothing with 3D printing technology, maybe we can also produce furniture through the same process, or even houses, maybe even bridges and buildings. Just imagine! As for the overall impression of the exhibition itself; the concept and story behind it was thoughtful and interesting, the layout was appealing, and the work itself was beautiful and innovative.

buy custom Alexander the Greats Empire essay

buy custom Alexander the Great's Empire essay Alexander III the Great still remains one of the greatest commanders who have ever lived. He was born in 21st July, 356 BC and died in 11th June, 323 BC. He was the King of Macedon whom, at only thirty years of age, had already conquered the biggest empire that any leader can ever imagine. He had conquered Europe and most of Asia. This conquest was however short-lived as he unexpectedly died at age thirty two with fever. His death marked the beginning of fall to his vast kingdom as divisions come up from his various generals. Fight for the control of power led to divisions of this empire. This was something he would have never agreed to if given a chance to do so. This paper seeks to explore reasons why Alexander III the Greats empire fell so fast after his death. He succeeded his father, King Philip II of Macedon, who was assassinated by one of his bodyguards at a wedding ceremony. His mother was Philips fourth wife Olympias who was the King of Epirus daughter. She was Philips principle wife for most of his kingship. Alexander the Great therefore grew in the royal family. In his early life, he had been tutored by Aristotle. He was taught much of arts, war, music, and philosophy. This greatly contributed to his zeal for success. The lessons molded him for the great task ahead. At only sixteen, his father had entrusted him with the army when he was away. Alexander defeated the Thracian neighbors going ahead to establish his first city. He named it Alexandropolis after himself. Alexander had also managed to tame a hostile horse that was to belong to his father Philip. This horse was afraid of the shadow from the sun. Alexander offered himself to tame this horse and superbly succeeded. This made his father to buy him the horse. These were clear signs of the potential Alexander possessed as this only happened at ten years of age. He was therefore destined to be the heir to the throne. Not only was he groomed for this but he was also aware of it and adequately prepared himself for it. He was well taught the act of war, something he well perfected during the battles. King Philip II, his father had entrusted him with commanding the army. He took this opportunity under the guidance of hid father to expand and strengthen the army. This helped the father to easily defeat his enemies. They could go to wars with Alexander controlling one group of soldiers while the father controlling the other. After the death of his father, Alexander took over the throne as an already established soldier. He took time during his previous years to build a very strong army. His father Philip had also been able to establish a very peaceful empire. He took time to diplomatically bring peace among the other parts of his kingdom that had rebelled. This may have a very good beginning for Alexanders as he had little internal battles to fight. He however ordered for the execution of those he thought were a threat to his kingship. He was later given the award of the Greece generalship. This gave him an opportunity to continue with his fathers plans. The late Philip had planned to systematically expand the kingdom. This assured him of his grip on power. Thebes also had refused to acknowledge his authority. He responded by invading it with his army killing all the 6,000 soldiers there. After successfully taking control of Greece, he decided to invade and capture Persia. He succeeded in the first attempt but king Darius of Persia and his army retreated controlled a section of their territory. Alexander and his army went ahead southwards against Egypt. He was welcomed here and was like a liberator for them as they had been under Persian rule for long. He went ahead to the lower Asian territories. After many conquests, he returned with his army to finish out Persia. This is a mission he successfully accomplished. King Darius died in this war. He therefore matched to Babylon and occupied king Nebuchadnezzar IIs palace. He had planned to establish Babylon as the capital of his entire kingdom. This was to be his base as he planned to attack Arabia and North Africa. This plan was however not successfu as he died after a short while. As noted by Depuydt in Die Welt des Orients, Alexander the Great died on 11th June 323 BC in Nebuchadnezzars palace. He had fever following a private drinking party that had been hosted by Medius of Larissa. His fever grew worse by each day bringing worry to the soldiers. By the time he was becoming speechless, his Macedonian soldiers were arranged to pass by him as an honor. The best he could do at this time was to speechlessly wave to them. He later succumbed to this ailment. This was the end to a king who had ambitiously conquered a considerably large empire for himself. As per his plans, he was to continue with this trend to maybe the entire world. The astonishment starts after the death of this great king. The news of his sudden death spread to the unbelief of Greece and other towns. This was to be the beginning of another twist to the Macedonian empire. He had set a different legacy in all the territories he had conquered. He believed in the maintenance of peace through intermarriages. This was seen as he encouraged his soldiers to marry with the natives. He also imported people from other towns to live with the rest. He believed that his empire would be a peaceful one through such coexistence. This was his legacy. By the time of his death, he had not picked an apparent heir to his throne. This was an important factor in his succession. The process of picking the heir was not an easy as their there was no automatic one. The one who could have been one was not yet born. This prompted his generals to fight for his position. Rivalry was evident as each one of them fought to control a section of the empire. Perdicas and Meleager were some of the commanders who were killed in Asia. Later, another general named Antigonas controlled the Macedonian empire. This however did not last long as rivalry still come into surface prompting other commanders to gang against him. He later died in battle. Consequently, the entire Macedonian kingdom was split into four main territories: Macedonia which included Greece was controlled by Cassander; Ptolemy became the king of Egypt; Celeusus become the king of Asia; and Thrace was controlled by Lysimachus. The chaos was experienced depicted that Alexanders mission across the whole his entire empire was not embraced by the rest. He may have not had other allies who embraced his vision. He continued with conquest believing that he brought unity amongst these towns. This was not the case as evidenced by what happens after his death. Civil war broke up in Macedonia as power struggles ensured between different entities. Greece had been occupied by the Macedonians. Greece later planned to free themselves from their rule. They rebelled against them, a decision that started another war known as Lamian War. The Macedonians were defeated and expelled out of Greece. They however went back after getting reinforcement from Craterus. The great Macedonian empire continued with is woes for the next almost fifty years. It was falling never to rise again to the former glory. Later the Romans attacked Macedonia terribly conquering it in 197 BC. It was later to be relegated to become one of the Roman provinces. This was the beginning of Roman Empire. They controlled Macedonia until the 19th century. Rome also conquered Greece at the same period. Egypt was later added to be part of the Roman Empire. As it is pointed out by Knight (2010), those that worked with him never embraced his vision. Alexanders death could have provided them an opportunity to continue with his works. It also comes out that Alexander the Great had written down an organized vision of how he wanted things to happen in the expanded Macedonian empire. All his commanders fail to implement these even after the written document is read to the soldiers. He was wanted the intermarriage between different cities in Europe and Asia. He believed this as the only way to enhance development in these regions. According to him, the family ties created would be an asset in peaceful coexistence. This is the reason he encourages his soldiers to marry andd to have children with the native women. After Alexanders death all these marriages broke proving that they did this out of insistence by the leader. It should also be pointed out that Alexander had his weakness that featured after his death to influence the fall of the Macedonian empire. He was so much authoritative and ambitious that nothing could stand between him and his mission. He was a high tempered and an over reactive person. He could not stand any opposition as those who stood out like him were all done away with. This led him to the execution of all those who may have been the ideal heirs to the throne. This may have also distanced his potential allies from him due to fear. For all those years, he could not have missed to groom someone to be so close to him to take the throne in his absence. His ambition went had limitations. There is on the absolute authority of a leader during this system of ruler ship. It was upon him to ensure that another leader was ready at anytime. His father did that to him but he failed to do the same. An effective government or kingdom must have structures. These structures are based on different levels of management with appointed leaders. Such is the only way to have absolute authority over the subjects. This is missing in Alexander the Greats empire. Unlike his father Philip who was well organized, he failed to organize his vast kingdom. There is no place we see an organized structure of management in all the areas he conquers. His kingdom remains vulnerable as himself and his army continues fighting ahead. This greatly contributed to the fast downfall of his kingdom as he was the only unifying factor. The mention of his name made towns, cities and monarchs surrender. After his death, the loopholes in his rule resurface as rebellion openly emerges. There were no structures put in place to manage the entire Macedonian empire. This led to the civil wars and the divisions of the empire. There had been some disquiet amongst some commanders in Alexanders army just before his death. There was a problem when they had come from the Persian invasion. Many of the soldiers had died on their way back through the desert due to hunger and exhaustion. Alexander held a big victory party after he dismissed 10,000 veteran soldiers to go back to Macedonia. This led to the mutiny by the army, something that enraged him. He then ordered the execution of the ring leader to his bodyguards. This incident created tension in the army and most of his close generals. This may have contributed to the fall out of the generals after his death. Alexander the Great may not have picked a successor like his father did due egoism. He was so much filled with himself and his achievements. He may never imagine anybody to be the king but him. In Persia, he trains the Persian youths in the Macedonian ways. He introduces his own culture in this territory. He recruits these almost 30,000 Persian youths in the army. It also seen that remains with all the children that were born by the Macedonian army men with the native women. He decides to live with them instead of giving them away to their mothers. He works on a plan of coming with a hybrid army that will only be attached to him. He has no thought of bringing other leaders into the picture. This may have distanced some of the leaders from him and the new breed of this army. In conclusion, Alexander III the Great of Macedon was a King who achieved a lot in terms of the military power. He was able to establish the biggest empire for that matter. The success of this empire however vanished with the death Alexander. Immediately after his death, this kingdom encountered upheavals that led to its collapse. It was clear that his death came by surprise as he had not put things in order. He failed to provide a good structure for the unity of the entire empire. As much as he had great vision for this kingdom, it seemed that all those who worked with him had not embraced this. This remains to be part of history that is a lesson to all the present leaders who are so ambitious with their achievements at the expense of the long term stability of their jurisdictions. Buy custom Alexander the Great's Empire essay

How to Write a Query Letter in 7 Steps

How to Write a Query Letter in 7 Steps How to Write a Query Letter in 7 Steps A starving writer stands in front of a mailbox, clutching a hefty brown envelope addressed to a publishing company. They say a prayer, push their manuscript in, and begin the long wait for a reply that could make or break their career. It's a romantic image, but most major publishers don't actually accept "unsolicited manuscripts" these days. If that writer were serious about being published, they’d first seek out an agent. And for that, they'd need a query letter. Ready to get an agent? Here's how to write a query letter in 7 steps With the help of our brand-new infographic, this post will show you how to write a query letter that gets results. Note: a lot of research needs to happen before you start querying agents. This article will focus on the query letter itself, and specifically, queries for fiction. You can learn about queries for non-fiction submissions in this post  and how to write a non-fiction book proposal right here. Writing an Effective Query Letter  A query letter is a note asking an agent if they’re interested in representing a book. Agents may receive a dozen or more queries a day - and might only sign four or five authors per year. So you can see how making a good first impression in your query is crucial. Now, there's no "standard" format that all authors use for their letters. However, a query is a business document and as such should look like a formal one-page business letter. Our one universal piece of advice about querying is to keep the letter short. Think 300 to 400 words at the very most. Many agents field queries using their phones, so think about how will your letter look on a small screen. Does it give the impression of being a huge wall of text, or a disjointed series of singles sentences? If so, revise to make it more concise, orderly, and organized. Without further ado, here’s how to write a query letter in 7 steps.Step 1: Capture the agent’s attention with your greetingâ€Å"Dear Ms. Tyler† That’s perfectly fine, assuming that the agent’s name is Tyler and she is, indeed, a woman. The following line should then make the agent prick up their ears. If you’ve published before, why not start with that? Also make sure to mention any critical recognition or awards you've received for your previous work.I’m seeking representation for my novel, The Bedlam Stacks.  This novel is the follow-up to The Watchmaker of Filigree Street, which was shortlisted for the Betty Trask Prize, and a finalist for the Locust First Novel Prize in 2016.If you haven’t published before, another great way to start is with a personal connection.We met at last year’s Writer’s Digest Annual Conference and chatted briefly about your work with up-and-coming romance authors.Or, better yet, get a referral from an established author or a publishing insider.Jane Doe at Del Rey Books suggested that I contact you regarding representation for my debut science fiction novel, Arbormancer.Networking is crucial in publishing. â€Å"You want something that will bring the submission directly to the agent rather than an assistant or an intern,† says editor and former agent Fran Lebowitz. â€Å"Showing that you are connected never hurts.† If you have no connections to speak of, don’t panic; just jump straight into your pitch.I’m writing to seek representation for my 92,500-word debut thriller, Operation Kill.The title, genre, and word count: three key pieces of information are right there in your first sentence. With that out of the way, let’s really grab their attention!Tip: Always mention your genre, word count and target audience in your query.Step 2: Craft an irresistible hook"Sell the book, don’t apologize for it, and know how to condense its true meaning to a couple of sentences.†Ã‚   - Jonny Geller, CEO of Curtis Brown (John le Carrà ©, David Mitchell, Susanna Clarke)Within the first few pages of a novel, you need to make it impossible for readers to put your book down. In a query letter, you have to make do with just a few lines. This part of the letter is known as the hook. Your hook should show agents how your book is different from the thousands of others in your genre. It could be an awesome concept that makes the reader wonder why someone hasn’t thought of it before. Just look at the hook for Jeff Lindsay’s Darkly Dreaming Dexter:Meet Dexter Morgan, a polite wolf in sheep’s clothing. He’s handsome and charming, but something in his past has made him abide by a different set of rules. He’s a serial killer whose one golden rule makes him immensely likable: he only kills bad people.Another great hook might involve an intriguing central conflict, like the one in Stepheni e Meyers’ Twilight:About three things I was absolutely positive. First, Edward was a vampire. Second, there was a part of him - and I didn’t know how potent that part might be -   that thirsted for my blood. And third, I was unconditionally and irrevocably in love with him.Not only does this introduce the genre and tone (dark paranormal romance), it sets up the narrator’s dilemma: she knows she’s in love with a man who might kill her. What will happen next? Is she walking into a trap? Will her love conquer the vampire’s bloodlust? Perfecting your hook might take days - but it’s the most important part of your pitch, hands down.

French Past Imperative - Impératif passé

French Past Imperative - Impà ©ratif passà © The French past imperative is very rare  because its usage is restricted to a single situation: it gives a command for something that must be done before a certain time.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aie à ©crit ce rapport demain.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have this report written by tomorrow.If you obey the instructions in the above example, when tomorrow comes the report will already be written, so the writing of it will be in the past, ergo, the past imperative. If you use the regular imperative, Écris ce rapport demain, the report wont yet be written when tomorrow rolls around: in accordance with the command, you will be writing it tomorrow. On the other hand, the careful use of a preposition can make all the difference - you could just say Écris ce rapport avant demain and avoid the past imperative altogether - probably another reason that it is so rare.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soyez partis midi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leave / Be gone by noon.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ayons fini les devoirs 7h00.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lets have our homework done by 7:00.The past imperative is kind of similar in nuance to the past infinitive, except that it indicates a command rather than a statement of fact. Because the past imperative is so rare, theres really no need to learn how to use it, but you should be able to recognize it. How to Conjugate the Past Imperative The past imperative is a  compound conjugation, which means it has two parts: imperative  of the  auxiliary verb  (either  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre)past participle  of the main verb Note:  Like all French compound conjugations, the past imperative may be subject to  grammatical  agreement: When the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, the past participle must agree with the subjectWhen the auxiliary verb is  avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object As with the present imperative, the past imperative has conjugations for only three grammatical persons:  tu,  nous, and  vous. Pronoun parler choisir avoir tre (tu) aie parl aie choisi aie eu aie t (nous) ayons parl ayons choisi ayons eu ayons t (vous) ayez parl ayez choisi ayez eu ayez t Pronoun sortir descendre aller venir (tu) sois sorti(e) sois descendu(e) sois all(e) sois venu(e) (nous) soyons sorti(e)s soyons descendu(e)s soyons all(e)s soyons venu(e)s (vous) soyez sorti(e)(s) soyez descendu(e)(s) soyez all(e)(s) soyez venu(e)(s)

Child Protection is part of a continuum of good child-care practice Essay

Child Protection is part of a continuum of good child-care practice that supports children's early development and learning. Discuss - Essay Example Some questions are often posted when experts and professionals discuss the issue of child protection: are children truly abused or molested by their parents and guardians? What are the actions that constitute these abnormal behaviours in people that are naturally expected to provide cares and love for these little ones? According to National Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Children NSPCC, children in the United Kingdom are abused in the following ways: physically, sexually, and mentally or psychologically (Cawson et al. 45). The manifestations of these abuses include: physical neglect of children that make them look dirty, uncared-for, forlorn and underfed; emotional and psychological maltreatment that make them appear disconnected from the society and their peers; physical abuse that comes from violent and irate parents and guardians who indiscriminately treat their children without respect for their rights; discrimination and constant bullying from parents that abused alcohol and other dangerous drugs; and the worst of all, sexual abuse of children and minors. In practice, professionals have worked so hard to unearth the reasons why the problem of child abuse is on the rise. Some theories about children abuse have been propounded; however, it is eye-opening to notice that parents or guardians that abuse the children in their custodies do so out of negligence, ignorance, drug or substance-motivated and self-reflection, if they had been victims of child abuse themselves (Cawson et al 58). This circumstance creates a serious social problem when those who should protect the children are the ones preying on or abusing them. Schaffer reckons that a child that is subjected to incessant abuse for a lengthened period of time would have what is referred to as â€Å"stunted growth and poor learning ability† (185). Experts have cleverly discovered that unprotected children from continuous abuse

Understand the role of personal selling with marketing strategy Essay

Understand the role of personal selling with marketing strategy - Essay Example The face-to-face interactions experienced in this type of selling allow the sales people to observe the specific reactions of consumers to specific products. Sales people act as product introducers, brilliant communicators and demand pushers as they add exclusive utility to the commodities and services they are selling. These people play a very important role in determining the success of the marketing strategy of the company that they work for (Marks, 2008, p.5). Personal selling can be considered to be a form of product or service promotion (The Times 100, 2012). As they meet with the clients/consumers, sales people are expected to carry out a product promotion exercise through the employment of the right attitude, proper appearance and above all share some specialist knowledge about the product with the customer. They can tell the customer about the importance of using the product and how to use it. Personal selling is happens every day and everywhere, for instance, things that ar e sold through the counter like cosmetics or on the departmental stores. According to Balsley and Birsner (2007, p. 88), products which are highly priced and with technical features such as photocopiers, fridges and cars, require personal selling where a customer can get a chance to ask questions on the usage of the product. Promotion mix strategies do not aim at satisfying only the prospective or regular customers, but also aim at other customers who are ignorant of the product as well as those who are aware of the product and have the ability to buy it (Kotler, 2006, p.248). Let us consider a person who is unaware of computer operations but wants to buy a computer. Such a person will go out in search of computer information; he/she will pay attention to computer adverts, will attend computer exhibitions, computer company reputations or even contact sales people from different computer companies. Consequently, the aim of promotions is to reach out for new customers, retain the curr ent customers, reward loyal customers and even induce the buying action (Marketing Knowledge Center, 2009). Personal selling may be the most appropriate in achieving this since it involves direct contact between the sales people and the consumers. For any marketing strategy to succeed, a thorough understanding of consumer buying behavior has to be done (Balsley and Birsner, 2007, p. 91). Without such type of understanding a company may not know what exactly their customers want or even how much they supply to the market. Buying can take two forms: the common consumer buying and also the organizational buying such as retail outlets. Consumers buy their products specifically for personal use thus most companies are usually concerned about consumers’ reactions to their marketing efforts. For instance a company needs to know how pricing their products may affect their consumers (The Times 100, 2012). In cases where the consumer market is very price sensitive which means a small a lteration on price will have a very high impact on sales, a company will need to adopt appropriate pricing strategies. A lot of theories have been put forward in order to explain consumer buying behaviors. The buying behavior model which studies the buyer’s black box (Zandl and Leonard, 2002, p. 106). The black box contains external stimuli which influence his/her buying decisions as well as buying characteristics. Moreover, it contains buyers’ responses that are determinants of his/her attitude, product choice and amount to purchase and when. The model presents some of the key factors that influence a buyer’s buying decision. To start with, are the sociological factors which include

Reality TV Influence on the Audience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reality TV Influence on the Audience - Essay Example As the discussion stresses  during the initial years of the twenty first century, viewers watched reality TV to observe people’s lives, watch them argue, fight, eat bizarre things and reveal personal details of their lives. These reality shows were humored and harmless. But with time, the essence of reality TV has changed. People now participate in reality shows to contest against each other in order to win some prize or gain popularity. This reflects increased competitiveness and materialism prevailing in the society.  This research declares that  as television drama became more violent and sexually explicit, reality TV evolved as a more meaningful genre of TV shows that present viewers with more competitive and bitter versions closer to reality. Psychologists present interesting explanation as to why reality shows are very popular. One of the primary reasons is that viewers can identify themselves with the participants who are initially ordinary people and then become famous. Secondly, they enjoy the competitive nature of such shows since there are always winners and losers.  Reality TV is taking over regular TV and is polluting people’s mind. Violence, distorted pictures of reality, language and stunts are marking a lot of reality TV. These shows are very entertaining but many professionals are expressing concerns over the harmful implications. They point out that negative impacts of reality TV are higher for children and teenagers than adults.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22

Case Study Example CRO business has seemed to become very popular in aiding with FDA approval. FDA approval is not something that is easily achieved. Before drugs are able to become available on the market, they must go through hundreds of tests. These tests ensure that the drug is safe. Safety of the drug is important for the lives of those using the drugs and the company’s and CRO’s creating and testing the drug. In order for these CRO businesses to become successful, the firm’s name has to achieve a good reputation and maintain a level of standard that other companies would recommend. Kendle has become a company that is recommended. Kendle is doing well for the American market. The American market has allowed Kendle to make it to its full potential. Full potential for a business, in regards to Kendle, can be defined as a business’s achieving the maximum amount of clients for a market. This meant that as stated in the case, Kendle had to sell, grow or disappear. This was a very accurate explanation as to what had to be done. The firm could not just stay how it was. Something had to be done in order for the firm to remain competitive over other similar businesses. Kendle faces many strategic choices. In order to survive Kendle must either decide to do one of three things. The first strategic choice that Kendle can make is to grow and expand the firm. Growing the firm means expanding to other areas and possibly merging or buying out other companies. This choice is perfect if the firm wants to expand and keep the firm going. The second strategic choice is to sell the company. Selling the company will likely be a lengthy process that will include lots of negotiating. Selling means that the original founders will have to find a seller that is willing to purchase for the right amount. This also means that a selling price will have to be decided. In order to decide a selling price the firm will need to find out what the company is worth and decide whether or

Case study on Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Case study on Nokia - Essay Example Situation Analysis Market Analysis According to Informa Telecoms & Media, the global mobile phone sales are going to decline sharply in the next 5 years. The forecast says that total sales will be down by as much as 14% all around the world. Previously the expectation was that 7.43 billion devices would be purchased between 2011 and 2013; however that figure was lowered down to 6.39 billion. This downturn in the sales of mobile devices will be a major reason for handset manufacturers to turn their attention to the smartphone market, in order to maintain and increase the targeted sales value. Company Analysis Nokia provides cellular phone communication apparatus for all critical market, including WCDMA, GSM and CDMA. Its recent venture into the smartphone industry has been somewhat mediocre. However, the organisation began as a manufacturer of pulp, rubber and cable. The organisation was founded by Fredrick Idestam in the year 1865. The company has strong research and development activities in over 10 countries and device manufacturing units in nine countries. The company sells its products in more than 150 countries around the globe. Product Line Analysis The current product line analysis of Nokia is: Nokia Lumia Nokia Lumia is an innovative new venture of Nokia in partnership with Windows. The UK market currently has the models 800 and 710. The models have features like instant updates, super-fast mobile internet and innovative design. Smartphones Nokia’s Smartphones consists of business tools, social tools and navigation systems. It includes real time emails, calendar and document sharing features, sharing files in social networking sites, and most importantly GPS navigation systems. Symbian Belle The Nokia 700 and 600 are categorised under the Symbian Belle consisting of eye catching design, NFC sharing, faster browsing, six home screens, live widgets and pull down taskbar. Mobile Phones Other than Smartphones the general products can be typed based on features like touch, type, touch and type and keyboard. There is the E series, Asha range, C series, X series and N series. Accessories This consists of NFC sharing Bluetooth, cases and covers and travel in-car equipment. Customer Analysis Nokia is the largest manufacturer of mobile phones in the world. The success of handset manufacturers amidst this high rate of competition depends on successful market segmentation. Following are the segmentation variables of Nokia: Hi-fliers-This segment is concerned with the business executives and corporate honchos for whom cell phones are a device to co-ordinate and increase efficiency and productivity if business. In most cases

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22

Case Study Example CRO business has seemed to become very popular in aiding with FDA approval. FDA approval is not something that is easily achieved. Before drugs are able to become available on the market, they must go through hundreds of tests. These tests ensure that the drug is safe. Safety of the drug is important for the lives of those using the drugs and the company’s and CRO’s creating and testing the drug. In order for these CRO businesses to become successful, the firm’s name has to achieve a good reputation and maintain a level of standard that other companies would recommend. Kendle has become a company that is recommended. Kendle is doing well for the American market. The American market has allowed Kendle to make it to its full potential. Full potential for a business, in regards to Kendle, can be defined as a business’s achieving the maximum amount of clients for a market. This meant that as stated in the case, Kendle had to sell, grow or disappear. This was a very accurate explanation as to what had to be done. The firm could not just stay how it was. Something had to be done in order for the firm to remain competitive over other similar businesses. Kendle faces many strategic choices. In order to survive Kendle must either decide to do one of three things. The first strategic choice that Kendle can make is to grow and expand the firm. Growing the firm means expanding to other areas and possibly merging or buying out other companies. This choice is perfect if the firm wants to expand and keep the firm going. The second strategic choice is to sell the company. Selling the company will likely be a lengthy process that will include lots of negotiating. Selling means that the original founders will have to find a seller that is willing to purchase for the right amount. This also means that a selling price will have to be decided. In order to decide a selling price the firm will need to find out what the company is worth and decide whether or

Airport Improvement Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Airport Improvement Program - Essay Example Sponsors are generally permitted to expend AIP money towards major airfield capital improvement efforts as well as repairs. Projects eligible for AIP funding include; airport safety associated enhancements, improvement of capacity, protection of the environment in the airports and enhancement of security. The funds can also be used on professional services that come with the eligible projects i.e., plans, survey services and designs. It should be noted that the operating expenses associated with the same projects are not eligible for AIP funding. The projects must therefore be sufficiently justified apart from complying with federal requirements of procurement and environmental safety. In major primary airports, AIP grants cover 70% of the total eligible costs or 80% for implementation of noise programs. The range of coverage for general aviation airports, reliever and small primary airports ranges from 90%-95% of the total cost as per the statutory minimum requirements. AIP grants to airports are aimed to fund planning, development and implementation of noise compatibility projects at the public-use airports. In order to be eligible for AIP grants therefore the airports must either be owned by the public, privately owned but with scheduled services & a minimum of two thousand five hundred enplanements yearly. Also private airports designated as relievers by FAA are eligible. Inclusion in the NPIAS is another important eligibility requirement for AIP. AIP funds are generally used towards projects contributing to capital improvement at the airports. The funds can thus be expended on most of the airfield capital improvement projects and in some unique events on terminals, and hangars as well as some nonaviation developments. Professional services related to the projects are also eligible for funding. On the other hand, those projects associated operations in the airports and improvements that are revenue generating are typically not funded by AIP. Other

Domain Name Disputes and Arbitration Essay Example for Free

Domain Name Disputes and Arbitration Essay The sudden explosion over the use of the internet in today’s world has placed domain names in direct conflict with trademarks. The use of a domain name would apply throughout the world, as the internet is accessible throughout the world. On the other hand, the trademark laws of a particular nation would vary with that of another, and hence, there is always a chance that trademark laws and domain name laws are in direct conflict with one another. Domain names would apply to the product and services of a service provider and hence ought to be given the same protection as trademarks . On the other hand, registries that register domain names give the importance of registering on a first-come-first served basis. Oppositions would say domain names contains alphabets and numerals, and hence, qualify to become a trademark. However, no rule is hard and fast. Domain name owners feel that the domain names are not protected under trademark laws as the internet is a global media having no offline limitation. On the other hand, the trademark owners feel that domain names are trademarks and hence are liable to file for dilution, unfair competition, etc . One of the main reasons as to why there is intense disputes with regards to domain names, is due cyber-squatting, in which somebody would register a particular domain name, and later try to sell it to the trademark owner. Domain name registries are accepting registration of domain names on a first-come first-served basis, and hence any person can register a popular trademark as a domain name and later plan to sell to the trademark owner. Often the prices quoted by the cyber-squatters are much more than what is paid of registration. Besides, cyber-squatters can misuse the trademark of the owner, and in turn wrongfully attract customers or tarnish the name of the original trademark owner . In the year 1995, the NSI framed a policy to settle disputes between domain name holders and trademark holders. The NSI is left out of the conflict and does not have the right to suspend the services of the domain name holder. Slowly, the importance of the trademark owners began to be felt. Trademarks owners can extent their services on to the internet, considering that it would be an ideal environment for business purposes. Customers on the other hand may also consider domain names being similar to trademarks for search purposes . One of the means of solving domain name disputes is by adopting the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy implemented by the ICANN in 1999. This is mainly to solve the disputes that arise between domain name owners and trademark owners. The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Centre would conduct the UDRP procedures. The process is much faster than the courts, and besides the decisions given is credible and impartial. The fees that are imposed are less than the routine courts . ICANN and UDRP The ICANN UDRP has been implemented for several TLD’s including . net, . com, . org, etc. However, it is not applicable to the country level TLD’s, such as . uk, . in, etc. The dispute resolution policy would occur between the domain name holder and the registering authority, such as country-coded domain registering organisation. The UDRP would set the terms and conditions that would arise in case of conflict arise between the domain name holder and any other party, except the registrar (ICANN). According to the ICANN, certain terms and conditions need to be followed when registering for a domain name. The registrant should ensure that all statements made are true, complete, and the domain name would not violate the rights of others. The domain name so registered would not be done for an illegal cause and would not be used to overcome any law. Any action done for the domain name would be lead to the owner being held responsible. The ICANN can transfer, modify or cancel a domain name registered if the domain name registrant requires so, if the court having a jurisdiction requires that the domain name be changed or cancelled or if a relevant administrative body requires that the domain name be changed or expelled. Depending on the situations, the ICANN would make a request to the domain name holder to perform such changes. The URDP procedure would be conducted before an administrative tribunal. Usually such tribunals would come into action whenever a third party has an issue with a particular domain name and files an application for objection before the ICANN.

Using teaching styles to make positive contributions in physical education

Using teaching styles to make positive contributions in physical education The use of appropriate teaching styles makes an important contribution to childrens learning in physical education. Different teaching styles affect many aspects of teaching and learning, including the learning environment and the teachers ability to meet individual needs. As physical education has a wide spectrum of objectives according to Macfayden Bailey (2002) teachers should use a wide variety of teaching styles to ensure that pupils achieve the wide variety of techniques and skills that physical education has to offer. This study will consider the various definitions associated with the topic and pay specific attention to the spectrum of teaching styles proposed by Mosston Ashworth (1986). The study will then specifically focus on use of the productive and reproductive styles by analysing my own experience against findings from literature. The framework for teaching styles and behaviours came from work by Mosston (1966). The ideas that Mosston proposed have changed and adapted since the first publication of the framework. The interaction between teacher and student has been developed since his initial publication (Mosston Ashworth, 1986) and have provided a framework where the decisions are the main element and the relationship between the teacher and the learner has in making those decisions. So influential was it that the work by Nixon Locke (1973) described it as the most significant advance in the theory of physical education pedagogy in recent history. A teaching style is concerned with how an activity is delivered, rather than what is delivered, (Macfadyen Bailey, 2002). Research conducted by Siendentop (1991) has also suggested that a teaching style is typified by the instructional and managerial climate that exists during the lesson which can be observed in the main that the teacher interacts with the pupils and in some cases if there is an interaction at all. The Spectrum incorporates ten landmark styles based on the degree to which the teacher or the student assumes responsibility for what happens in a lesson. This describes a continuum, where at one extreme is the direct, teacher-led approach and at the other lies a much more open-ended and student-centred style where the teacher acts only in a facilitator role. Reproductive Teaching Styles: The reproductive or direct cluster includes the command, practice, reciprocal, self check and inclusion teaching styles (Mosston Ashworth, 2002). Direct styles of teaching require the learner to reproduce known material or knowledge by replicating a specific model. This often involves subject matter relating to concrete facts, rules or specific skills/movements (Rink, 2002). In order for pupils to recreate specific skills Derri Pachta (2007) identified that learners must first be provided with a correct technical model to emulate, sufficient time to practice the model and effective feedback related to the original model, with the correct technical model often being shown by the teacher. Research conducted by Pieron (1998) supports the use of the command teaching style as the author argues that copying the most efficient style (that of the teachers demonstration) is highly profitable. It is seen as more profitable because it saves time as the teacher has the overall responsibility f or correcting faults and it ensures that pupils receive accurate feedback. The research conducted by Salvara et al (2006) highlighted that the direct teaching styles specifically the command style has been shown to have a positive impact on class control and motor performance. Within my teaching I have found that using this style of teaching to be the most effective for class control especially when the class has a large number of pupils and when the class requires a lot of behaviour management strategies used to control to the class. However Pellett Blakemore (1997) conducted a study of task presentation and content performance of four teachers who all had difference levels of experience and found that students taught by an experienced teacher were more effective at performing the skills when compared to being taught by a teacher of little experience. My experience whilst on teacher training has also supported these findings as I was able to present the tasks more clearly to pupils when I had more experience in that particular activity. I was also able to differentiate the task to a higher level with activities that I was familiar with as I had more ideas and experience to draw upon, whereas with activities I had little experience of I found it more challenging to be creative and progress the pupils. This has resulted in me taking actions towards trying to improve subject knowledge in areas of the curriculum where my experience is lacking or insufficient. Research conducted by Griffey (1983) has found that when practicing skills students of lower ability benefited more from the command style of teaching as they had little previous experience to draw from. This is something that I have also noticed, when teaching lower ability groups it is more beneficial to give the instruction or demonstration of task to save time and when working with higher ability pupils allowing the more able pupils to demonstrate the skill to increase pupil motivation. These findings have not been supported by Goldberger Gerney (1990) who found that under circuit training conditions the lower ability pupils seemed to benefit more from the opportunity to make decisions about time spent practicing at each station. However within this study the practice style of teaching has also been examined. According to Byra (2000) in the practice style of teaching the learners work at their own pace and complete teacher designed tasks in the order they choose, the class is organised around stations and the teacher provides individual feedback to the learners. The most effective type of practice style of teaching I have used whilst on teaching experience was the use of circuit training as I chose the activities/skills/tasks to be practiced at each station and the pupils chose the intensity to which they performed as each station. In a study by Beckett (1991) on college age students the practice style has proved to be very effective in promoting motor skill changes. From my experience of using this style I discovered that it was not particularly useful at promoting learning when there was limited time or large groups as different ability pupils will progress at different times and take longer with certain skills. However the ages of pupils should be taken into consideration as my experie nce is from working with pupils aged 11-16 who because they are more susceptible to development in motor skills than college aged students. This may explain why Beckett did not notice any changes in motor skills as the subject in his study may have already fully developed. My experience has also been identified and supported by Goldberger Gerney (1986) Goldberger et al (1982). However I did find this style of teaching useful during a health and fitness unit of work where the amount of skill learning was minimal and the main focus on the lesson was for pupils to be active using circuit training and the learning was aimed at pupils being introduced to new knowledge or gaining a further understanding of current knowledge on different types of exercises rather than developing skills. The reciprocal style has also been examined by Goldberger Gerney (1986) Goldberger et al (1982). These researchers identified that in this style the learners work in pairs to achieve the outcomes. The teachers ability to give effective instruction/information is important when using this style as when one learner performs the other observes and gives feedback to the performer specific to the instruction that the teacher gives at the start of the task and when the performer completes the task the learners switch roles. From my experience the most effective ways of giving instruction are in the form of a demonstration or a criteria sheet, I also found that demonstrations are very effective when demonstrating skills that I can show high levels of competence. In addition to improved skill performance Goldberger (1992) also found that learners in the reciprocal style provided more feedback, expressed more empathy, offered more praise and encouragement and requested more feedback from ea ch other when compared to a control group. However from my experience of this style the pairing of pupils is important as if you pair pupils of different levels the feedback would either be to complex or too simple thus affecting the amount of learning and skill performance. Also when working with pupils/groups where behaviour management is an issue it is more beneficial for the teacher to pair the pupils according to ability rather than letting pupils pick their partner as this tends to lead to the pupils picking friends and being distracted and going off task. I have also found that the way in which you give the instruction also can have an effect on the lesson as task sheets often dont work with groups where behaviour management is an issue as they do not respond well to the resource and see it as something to mess about with rather than an educational tool. Byra Marks (1993) conducted a study which focuses on the reciprocal style and the effects that different pairings had on pupils engagement. This study highlighted pupils who were identified as friends gave more effective and specific feedback due to their comfort levels being higher as they were working with a friend. The authors also found that grouping by ability had no effect on the amount of feedback given or the comfort level which is in agreement with my own personal experiences. This studies findings suggests that pupil working with friends is beneficial however this study does not take into account the behaviour of the group which I have experienced can be a major contributing fact when pairing pupils. I have experienced when allowing pupils to work in friendship pairs can sometimes be detrimental when they feel the task is not rewarding or beneficial as they distract each other and sometimes dont complete the task. I have found that to pair pupils with friends is beneficial only when you have built a rapport with the pupils and are aware of how they react working with friends. My experience of this style is that it is also beneficial to use when assessing pupils providing they are aware of the grading criteria they can receive more feedback thus improving performance when compared to othe r direct teaching styles. In support of this Cox (1986) found that when comparing the reciprocal style against the command and practice styles that the amount of skill movements was very similar which was surprising as the reciprocal style involves a lot more feedback. It was also found that three times the number of feedback statements were offered to performers using the reciprocal style resulting in higher skills and knowledge gains along with the development of social relationship skills. According to Byra Jenkins (1998) within the inclusion style of teaching learners choose the level of difficulty within a task and assess their own skill performance. With this in mind the benefits of the inclusion style are that it provides pupils with the opportunity to engage in activity that is to their appropriate skill/knowledge level potentially increasing inclusion and engagement. My experience of using this style of teaching is that I have attempted to include it in all of my lessons as ensuring all pupils are included is essential to any lesson. However when allowing pupils to decided which skill level they work at often resulted in pupils choosing a level that is not appropriate whether that be to simple or too complex. This goes against the spectrum theory which suggests that the condition provided by the inclusion style should promote success for all learners (Mosston Ashworth, 1994). The findings of Goldberger Gerney (1986) Goldberger et al (1982) has supported my experience and observed that the majority of learners made inappropriate and ineffective decisions for their skill level by choosing levels that were too complex for them to reach success or the objectives even when encouraged or prompted by the teacher. From this I have learned to set boundaries for those pupils that make the task to difficult so for example when throwing and catching setting a maximum or minimum distance they can throw the ball. My experience has also taught me that this style is most effective when used with older pupils as they have a better self concept of their own ability and are less susceptible to peer pressure this was also observed by Beckett (1991). In study of college aged students Beckett (1991) found that the inclusion style to be as effective as the practice style for learner skill performance when learning motor skills. These finding do not support the conclusions of Goldberger Gerney (1986) Goldberger et al (1982) and it was suggested that the difference in students ages as a contributing factor which supports my experience. My experience of the Inclusion style has also highlighted the importance of planning and assessment for the lesson as I have already identified that pupils sometimes dont make the correct decisions. Therefore as a result of this I found it beneficial to assess the pupils who set boundaries and goals that may be above or below their level and pupils who do not work well together and then plan a strategy into the next lesson to ensure that those pupils remain focused and on task. Productive Teaching Styles: When compared to the reproductive teaching style the productive cluster of Mosston Ashworth (1994) spectrum of teaching styles has little background research. The productive cluster requires the learner to produce new knowledge, from my experience the teacher needs a high level of understanding and creativity to create or design scenarios. According to Byra (2000) within the productive styles of teaching pupils should engage in cognitive operations like problem solving, creative thinking, inventing and critical thinking to discover new movements. It is the responsibility of the teacher to provide time for cognitive processing therefore there needs to be a class climate focused on searching and examining and feedback for producing different solutions rather than the same generic response (Mosston Ashworth, 2002). According to Mosston Ashworth (1986) six teaching styles have been identified in the productive cluster they are guided discovery and convergent discovery which both require convergent thinking from the learners and divergent production, individual program learner design, learner initiated and self teaching which require divergent thinking from learners. The majority of the research in this area has studied the effects of the divergent discovery, convergent discovery and guided discovery. In a study by Cleland Gallahue (1993) divergent movement patterns were observed to establish baseline information and to examine the different factors that contribute to a childs production of divergent movement. The findings highlighted that learners could modify, adopt and combine fundamental movement patterns to produce divergent movement. In a further study Cleland (1994) compared the divergent discovery style against the command style and a no instruction control group to examine the learners ability to produce divergent movement. The findings of this study were that students generated a greater number of divergent movements under the divergent discovery condition. The researcher concluded that employing critical thinking in the form of the divergent discovery style positively effects learners ability to generate a higher quantity of divergent movement patterns. My experience of using this teaching style is that the pupils age/maturity and experience levels are major contributing factors as learners with low levels of experience have limited subject knowledge to draw from thus affecting their ability to modify current skills/movement my experience has also been supported by the findings of Cleland Gallahue (1993). As the previous research suggests a pupils ability to think critically is important within the productive cluster of teaching styles, wish this in mind Cleland Pearse (1995) conducted a study which examined the methods that physical education teachers use to ensure that pupils use critical thinking. Critical thinking has been defined by McBride (1992) as reflective thinking is used to make reasonable decisions about movement tasks or challenges (page 115). This studies conclusion match with my experience which was that this style was most effective when employing the practice style of teaching to give instruction/deliver the subject knowledge then adopting guided discovery and convergent discovery to allow the pupils to think critically. The study also highlighted that the more experienced teachers were able to create a more effective environment for the pupils to use creative thinking skills McBride (1992). From my experience I have also been able to agree with these findings as I felt more comfortable creating an environment that was conducive to creative thinking when teaching a subject I had more experience in as I was able to give more effective feedback. The research presented to this point has seemed to favour the use of the productive teaching styles especially when creating cognitive learning however there is conflicting research presented by Salter Graham (1985). Salter Graham (1985) examined the effects of the command style, guided discovery style and no instruction on learners skill learning, cognitive learning and skill attempts. The results showed that although their was evidence that learning occurred using all three styles the pupils in the guided discovery and command style recorded significantly better cognitive learning compared to no instruction. For skill attempts however learners in the no instruction style made significantly more attempts at the task than learners in the other styles. The researchers went onto recommend that a longer practice time than 20 minutes may have resulted in the guided discovery having more skill learning, cognitive learning and skill attempts as this style requires longer practice time fo r the full benefits to be witnessed. From my own experience this is something which I have also observed as pupils respond better when they have longer periods of time to experiment different skill movements. My experience has also taught me that to increase the practice time requires effective instruction delivery which has also been identified by Cleland Pearse (1995). Conclusion: In conclusion several research questions have been answered about the reproductive styles of teaching; what the effects of the reproductive styles have on learning, how learners of different ability level are influenced by different styles, what effect pairings have on pupils ability to give effective feedback, what factors influence learners decision making and what effect the different styles have on learners ability to learn new knowledge. The findings from the productive style are; can learners employ critical thinking, what is the effect of productive styles on learners ability to produce divergent movement and how can teachers promote critical thinking. The amount of research that is available for the productive styles of teaching in limited when compared to the breadth of research studies on the reproductive teaching styles. However, a study by Cothran et al. (2000) has identify that teachers reported using a variety of style in their lessons yet only one productive style was in the top five styles used. Although it is encouraging that teachers report using a variety these results must be interpreted as it suggests that teachers over estimate the variety of teaching styles used thus affecting the amount of research there is available in relation to the productive styles of teaching. Research conducted by Goldberger (1992) has identified that the reason that may remain unconvinced or unsure of the styles use is because of the lack of confirmatory research on those styles. Therefore further research is needed into the productive styles of teaching to provide teachers with a knowledge base on how these styles can be effective at promoting learning. Recommendations: These findings have provided an initial insight into the use of teaching styles across a theoretically linked spectrum. One noticeable exception was that there is conflict within the research findings and not all researchers reported the same findings which identifies that there are a significant amount of variables related to spectrum research and that the variable that is being focused on should be properly investigated by using the correct research method. Spectrum research needs to continue as not all findings regarding assumptions associated to the spectrum have not been supported. However, some assumptions have been confirmed within this study for example the reciprocal style does in fact facilitate the provision of feedback, more so than any another style and having learners chose their partners based on friendships helps improve social skills (Byra Marks, 1993). Other assumptions like, the self check and inclusion styles are the most effective at promoting cognitive developm ent and the inclusion style is most effective at improving participation of low, medium and high ability learners still needs to be examined. Replication studies also need to be conducted in different environments as the research findings and my experience would suggest that the reciprocal style is an effective style at promoting feedback. However, would it be as effective at facilitating learning with different aged pupils in different schools where behaviour management has a far greater emphasis in lessons. After reviewing the appropriate relevant literature and reflecting on my own personal experiences I feel that the use of appropriate teaching styles makes an important contribution to pupils learning in Physical Education and should not be left to chance. Physical Education can provide pupils with the opportunity to think critically, problem solve and to improve own learning. Pupils will be able to think about what they are doing and make decisions independently and know when to use principles such as choreography, games strategies and problem solving. If pupils are to access the full National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) (DfEE/QCA, 1999) and to achieve the outcomes of high quality Physical Education (QCA/DfES, 2005), teachers must employ a variety of appropriate teaching styles to facilitate the opportunities that Physical Education offers. It is because of this that both reproductive and productive teaching styles should be used to enhance learning and motivation.

Classical Theory Structure Essay -- essays research papers

Classical Theory Structure Introduction By way of illustration, in this document we will describe and explain the classical structural theory as presented by Max Weber. To highlight the advantages and disadvantages of this classical structure as used in a realistic modern organization we will apply this theroy as used today in our public police department. Classical Structural Theory In the classical structural theory a person is hired for their technical expertise rather than on the recommendation of a connection from within the company. Generally these people are more inclined to work in very well-defined process oriented positions. Employees are given titles in which the authority to perform specific duties are vested. Outside of the defined position the employee has little or no authority. Lines of authority and positions are clearly defined by formally established rules and regulations that help to ensure uniformity of operations, and provide for continuity of business as well as making responsibility easy to place. In his 10 points Weber implied that procedures imposed on all who fall within their reach are formal and impersonal (Pace & Faules, 1994, p. 30-31). In addition to these procedures, It is suggested that an attitude of discipline is an integral part of the organization that wants to promote efficiency (Pace & Faules, 1994, chapter 3). They are intentionally designed without attention to personal or emotional considerations to prevent distortion o...

Investigate the Osmosis in Potato Rods in Various Concentrations of Sal

Investigate the Osmosis in Potato Rods in Various Concentrations of Salt Solutions Introduction: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential. It can be affected by several different variables including concentration of salt solutions. When a plant cell is put in pure water it will become turgid and it will not burst due to the presence of a cell wall and a large permanent vacuole and when it is put in a concentrated solution it will be plasmolysed, on the other hand when an animal cell is put in pure water it will burst due to the absence of the cell wall which is only present in the plant cell and if is plant cell is put in a concentrated solution it will shrink. What is the water potential? The water potential of a solution is a measure of whether it is likely to lose or gain water molecules from another solution. A dilute solution, with its high concentration of water molecules is said to have a higher water potential than a concentrated solution, because water will flow from the dilute solution to the concentrated solution (from a high water potential to a low water potential).: Pure water has the highest water potential because water molecules will flow from it to any other aqueous concentrated solution even if this solution is a highly dilute solution. Variables that affect the osmosis process in the potato rods: ÃÆ'ËÅ" Independent variables: The Difference in concentration of salt solutions: This will affect the osmosis in the plant cell as I will prepare five different concentrations of the salt solutions and they are: 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0and this is how they are prepared: - For preparing the concentration of 0.0 I used pure water. - For preparing the concentration of 0.3: I measured 3 cm3 of the salt solution by using the syringe and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.3, then I measured 7 cm3 of water and poured it into the same test tube. - For preparing the concentration of 0.5: I measured 5 cm3 of the salt solution and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.5, then I measured 5 cm3 of water and poured it into the same test tube. - For preparing the concentration of 0.7: I measured 7 cm3 of the salt solution and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.7, then I measured 3 cm3 of water and... ... points on the graphs were plotted as accurately as possible practically. All my results supported my prediction I made and helped me to make a strong trend in the graph. Although, I might have got few anomalous results but that is to be expected, I may be have measured any substance which I am using wrong or not accurately. I repeated the experiment two times to get the accurate average results and to ensure that I had not made any mistakes and so as not to have any anomalous results in my experiment and there wouldn't be any chance for error to occurs. My results seem reliable as I am basing my results' reliability on a hypothesis and my own prediction. I repeated the same experiments using different concentration of the salt solution or change the temperature so as to help the rate of osmosis in the potato rod. Also for more accurate results, I could extend my coursework by testing the same brand of potatoes using different substances. By this I mean using a different thing instead of salt, i.e. sugar or maybe any fruit juice. Then I could find out whether osmosis occurs differently with different things diluted in the water. I could even use different vegetables and fruits.

Punctuality and Correct Medical Aid Essay

The saying which goes â€Å"A stitch in time saves nine† is very true!!!Punctuality is no doubt a virtue no man can afford to lack. It is the simplest and easiest to acquire but at the same time really needed to succeed in life. Punctuality is the habit of doing things in time. It is a disciplinary force which contributes to the efficiency and success of both an individual and organization. A punctual person is always a step ahead of others .He is able to complete his assignments and keep commitments which wins him the command and respect of all those who work with him .He becomes an asset and support in any field of life. He will be a sought after member of any organization for the respect he has earned by his reliability and sense of discipline. Lessons of punctuality are introduced from the very birth of a child. Feeds are given punctually and so are medications. Schools , colleges also implement and enforce these in every possible way .Time tables, classes ,examinations all demand punctuality. A company which fails to deliver goods or services in time or is unpunctual in collecting dues is also bound to fail one day or the other. In hospitals on some occassions punctuality may make all the difference between life and death . Forgetting to give a medicine or injection on time may take a life! On the other hand bringing a patient and giving him the correct medical aid in time will save a precious life!History also shows how punctuality plays such an important role even in war. General Ney’s unpunctuality ruined Napoleon and changed the course of European history. If we study the lives of some great people we find that punctuality was one of the pillars of their success. Professionals like lawyers , doctors, teachers who have reached success are further respected when they keep their appointments and timely commitments . If we look around we shall see that sense of order and punctuality is seen in Nature too. The sun rises in the day , planets move in orbits, seasons keep their cycle teaching us the significance of time and punctuality in life. Today we live in a modern complex society where so many things are interdependent. It is essential for the smooth functioning that people recognise the need for punctuality. If trains and flights do not keep punctuality it can create such a mess and sometimes cause havoc and disaster or even accidents. In the age of rockets and moonlandings the importance of punctuality is felt even more. To organize events meetings and make them successful it is essential that all participants keep time and are punctual. Could big events like the Olympics be a success without punctualityWe should make a humble beginning and start incorporating punctuality in our lives in our day to day activities. Bed time and waking time , meal times if adhered to will help discipline us and tune our minds towards punctuality in other areas also. Once disciplined and punctual a very different future welcomes you. One would surely realise that punctuality is the key to success and greatness in life. One step at a time but always on time..!!!!

Royal Mail Group

The crisis created for the Labor Government by the proposed sale and part privatization of the post office- Royal Mail Introduction: Recently, Royal Mail Group will be sold at least 1/3 of the whole business to private companies or foreign postal companies in the United Kingdom. One of 71 post centres, half of them will be cut down, and 50,000 employees will possible lose their jobs. One hand, this essay will demonstrate the crisis issue from public; on the other hand, how the issues have been handled by the Government and analyze these strategies and tactics.Main body: Royal Mail Group is one of the large-scale national enterprises in the United Kingdom, employees as many as 150,000 people. It is reported by British media, with the global financial crisis deepening Royal Mail Group of dismal business is facing a bad situation, which will be split sale possiblely, and the United Kingdom Ministry of Commerce and Postal Department are discussing a plan on postal privatization. Beginnin g in 1635, Royal Mail's operation has been the oldest postal system in the world.Currently, Royal Mail maintains the monopoly on postal services of the civilian use, but it is squeezed and rarely shares in the field of business by foreign mail delivery companies. In the civilian use areas, the number of mail delivery decline year after year. Both of Royal Mail’s huge pension deficit and the increasing e-mails mean the service will never be profitable in this current form. Dutch firm TNT, one of the mojor rivals with Royal Mail in the British postal market, TNT is thought to be the front runner to achieve the stake, which might be between 25% and 30%.Part-privatisation of Royal Mail is opposed by unions and many Labour MPs, who think that it will undermine the universal delivery service and threaten thousands of jobs, and urge the government to rethink this plan. The Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats support part-privatisation as a way of helping to modernise the service in principle. But at the same time, they are worried about Royal Mail's profitability and government support for its pension scheme in the future. In brief, at present, the government has faced the following issues:At first, lots of MPs disagree this plan, the BBC news says â€Å"about 140 Labor MPs have signed a motion opposing the part-privatization†; One of the rebels, Geraldine Smith, said â€Å"Royal Mail's status as one of the UK's ‘most respected’ public organizations must be safeguarded. Part-privatization is not the answer†. Secondly, some of people worry the pension scheme; the postal worker Sean Tail said â€Å"Potentially to get the same pension, I might even have to work past 65†. Thirdly, Communication Worker Unions put forward to have a big redundancy after part-privatization.Thereby, numbers of workers will lose their jobs. Faced above problems, the government adapts some strategies and tactics to solve these issues. The first one i s the press release, which is a key communications tool in a crisis situation. It will tell the public their thought via the media (such as a backgrounder or fact sheet). It provides officials explanation of what is happening. They must have an honest answer Respond the media quickly and fairly. News releases should keep the government correct reputation and identity throughout the crisis period.Add any other available information, such as endorsements and statement from respected professionals who tell the public commercial partnership go in the market and strengthen Royal Mail financially, meanwhile, it will have a fair competition with Royal Mail, and enable it to offer new services. It can help government obtain the support to sell off 30% of Royal Mail. In the same way, the internet has been used by activists as a highly effective global mechanism for gathering opinion from public, at the same time, publish the government's plan,which selling off 30% of Royal Mail is the only w ay to safeguard the service.Everybody wants to see a modern Royal Mail. Keeping Royal Mail in the public sector, but without some private investment would be â€Å"continued long-term decline† and even full privatization by a future government. The Labor Party releases â€Å"Royal Mail would continue to belong to the English people, its most respected image never changes†. The government websites or online news can provide a fast and effective means of communicating directly to government without the risk of â€Å"interpretation† by the media.Aiming a lot of the workers of the Royal Mail would not think of the politics, but about their pension and their job security. So, the next strategy and tactics about government, in the keynote speech, the prime minister said it is necessary that Royal Mail can achieve an investment, which guarantees a ? 25bn pension fund, spends ? 1. 5bn on the Post Office network, and maintains a universal service obligation. The received cash will be offset the cost of taking over Royal Mail pension liabilities.Money through part-privatization is ploughed back into post offices and the unemployed will gain the postal job before long, perhaps they will earn more money than before. Sometimes, they should not be sacked if they are all perfect, so they have a competition each other, and a hardworking labor. Conclusion: Because a crisis catches unprepared people, every organization must have appropriate crisis communication strategies and tactics to firmly guide those organizations that pass the bad and difficult situation.In this case study, the national English post office- Royal Mail has faced a problem from among the Labor Government, the MPs and the other public. The government must solve this problem correctly and betimes by the suitable strategies and tactics, especially dispose the relationships among them while keeping its good reputation and great image in the public. Like this, it will has a lot of public to support its decision.Reference: (2009), Sell-off ‘to save postal service' . Available from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7911526. tm [Accessed: March 16, 2009]. (2009), Royal Mail plans to be unveiled . Available from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7906418. stm [Accessed: March 22, 2009]. (2009), Labour postal rebellion growing . Available from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7827497. stm [Accessed: March 22, 2009]. (2009), PM: Royal Mail needs private cash . Available from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7916478. stm [Accessed: March 20, 2009]. Regester, M. & Larkin, J. (2005), Risk Issues and Crisis Management, 3rd ed, CIPR, London.